Which of the following best defines "implied powers" in the context of the Constitution?

Implied powers refer to those authorities that are not explicitly detailed in the Constitution but are deemed necessary for the implementation of the enumerated (or expressly granted) powers. This concept arises from the Necessary and Proper Clause, often referred to as the Elastic Clause, found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. This clause allows Congress to pass laws required to carry out its functions, even if those laws aren't expressly stated in the Constitution itself.

For instance, while the Constitution grants Congress the explicit power to regulate interstate commerce, it allows for the creation of laws that facilitate this regulation—like establishing a national bank or creating a federal minimum wage. These actions aren't specifically listed in the Constitution but are considered essential for executing the enumerated powers.

The other options address different aspects of governmental power. The first choice refers to the expressly granted powers that are clearly stated in the Constitution. The third choice concerns powers reserved for state governments, which are defined by the Tenth Amendment. The final choice discusses powers denied to the federal government, which relates to limitations rather than the scope of power afforded to Congress. Thus, option B accurately encapsulates the definition of implied powers as it relates to executing the government's functions effectively.