Which historical case established that a slave is considered property and not a citizen?

The historical case that established a slave as property rather than a citizen is Dred Scott v. Sanford. This landmark Supreme Court decision, decided in 1857, held that people of African descent could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. The ruling emphasized that enslaved individuals were property under the Constitution and the Fifth Amendment protected property rights. This decision had a profound impact on the status of slavery in the United States and further deepened the divisions leading up to the Civil War.

The other cases listed do not pertain to the status of slaves or citizenship: Gibbons v. Ogden dealt with interstate commerce; McCulloch v. Maryland focused on the scope of federal power over state legislation; and Roe v. Wade addressed the right to privacy concerning abortion laws. These distinctions highlight the unique historical significance of the Dred Scott decision in the context of citizenship and property rights.