What does dual federalism imply about the roles of national and state governments?

Dual federalism implies that national and state governments operate within their own distinct areas of responsibility, each with its own powers and duties. This system is often characterized by a clear separation of the spheres of authority, meaning that the national government handles certain functions and responsibilities, while the state governments manage others.

This framework allows for a division of powers where both levels of government can function independently, but within their designated areas of policymaking and governance. For example, the national government may manage immigration and foreign affairs, whereas states may have exclusive authority over education and transportation policies.

The other options do not accurately reflect the principle of dual federalism. The idea that national and state governments work jointly in all policy areas applies more to cooperative federalism rather than dual federalism, where roles are strictly separate. The notion that the national government has ultimate authority over states suggests a hierarchical relationship that contradicts the fundamental premise of dual federalism. Finally, the claim that states can only enact laws with federal approval indicates a lack of sovereignty for states, which is not consistent with the dual federalism model that supports their independent authority within defined areas.